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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hamiltonoperator</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Der <b>Hamiltonoperator</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6bb06de5217295d7fbdbf68fb9c5309a513fc99e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> (auch <b>Hamiltonian</b>) ist in der <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a> ein <a href="Operator_(Mathematik)" title="Operator (Mathematik)">Operator</a>, der (mögliche) <a href="Energie" title="Energie">Energie</a>messwerte und die <a href="Zeitentwicklung" title="Zeitentwicklung">Zeitentwicklung</a> angibt. Er ist daher der <b>Energieoperator</b>. Er liefert beispielsweise die <a href="Energieniveau" title="Energieniveau">Energieniveaus</a> des <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektrons</a> im <a href="Wasserstoffatom" title="Wasserstoffatom">Wasserstoffatom</a>. Er ist nach <a href="William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">William Rowan Hamilton</a> benannt. Auf ihn geht die <a href="Hamiltonsche_Mechanik" title="Hamiltonsche Mechanik">hamiltonsche Formulierung der klassischen Mechanik</a> zurück, in der die <a href="Hamilton-Funktion" title="Hamilton-Funktion">Hamilton-Funktion</a> die Zeitentwicklung und die Energie bestimmt.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zeitentwicklung_und_Energie">Zeitentwicklung und Energie</h2></div>
<p>In der Quantenmechanik wird jeder <a href="Zustand_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Zustand (Quantenmechanik)">Zustand</a> des betrachteten physikalischen Systems durch einen zugehörigen <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45e5789e5d9c8f7c79744f43ecaaf8ba42a8553a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.513ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi }" loading="lazy"></span> im <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraum</a> angegeben. Seine Zeitentwicklung wird nach der <a href="Schr%C3%B6dingergleichung" title="Schrödingergleichung">Schrödingergleichung</a> durch den Hamiltonoperator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6bb06de5217295d7fbdbf68fb9c5309a513fc99e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \,\hbar {\partial \over \partial t}\,\psi (t)={\hat {H}}\,\psi (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \,\hbar {\partial \over \partial t}\,\psi (t)={\hat {H}}\,\psi (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01f3927c1c10d162ad1e66ef18a3fcb08cde6583.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:19.595ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \,\hbar {\partial \over \partial t}\,\psi (t)={\hat {H}}\,\psi (t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<ul><li>der <a href="Imagin%C3%A4re_Einheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaginäre Einheit">imaginären Einheit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18f0f09f6fc40e634d34aed6e205ac0f7a40e062.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.647ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>der <a href="Reduzierte_Planck-Konstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduzierte Planck-Konstante">reduzierten Planck-Konstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar ={\frac {h}{2\pi }}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar ={\frac {h}{2\pi }}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/083815f25893c379d1d0942fb6584d8e4cdcabe9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:8.382ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar ={\frac {h}{2\pi }}.}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Man erhält den Hamiltonoperator in vielen Fällen aus der <a href="Hamiltonfunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamiltonfunktion">Hamiltonfunktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}(t,x,p)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}(t,x,p)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bedee9700cba3b993e4ffd84867f6d983c33efce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.18ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}(t,x,p)}" loading="lazy"></span> des entsprechenden klassischen Systems (mit der <a href="Generalisierte_Koordinate" title="Generalisierte Koordinate">generalisierten Koordinate</a>&nbsp;x und dem <a href="Kanonischer_Impuls" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanonischer Impuls">kanonischen Impuls</a>&nbsp;p) durch <a href="Erste_Quantisierung" class="mw-redirect" title="Erste Quantisierung">kanonische Quantisierung</a>. Dazu wird der algebraische Ausdruck für die Hamilton-Funktion als Funktion von Operatoren gelesen (<a href="Ortsoperator" title="Ortsoperator">Ortsoperator</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18d95a7845e4e16ffb7e18ab37a208d0ab18e0e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <a href="Impulsoperator" title="Impulsoperator">Impulsoperator</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {p}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {p}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8bd4c026f1b3413adc58b9b65e89e62bce92c85a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.449ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {p}}}" loading="lazy"></span>), die den <a href="Kanonische_Vertauschungsrelationen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanonische Vertauschungsrelationen">kanonischen Vertauschungsrelationen</a> genügen.
</p><p>Dies ist allerdings nicht eindeutig, da die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\,p-p\,x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\,p-p\,x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b244966b765abd4bc50d9cb29fd95eb03f16ef86.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.613ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\,p-p\,x}" loading="lazy"></span> den Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span> hat, die Operatorfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}\,{\hat {p}}-{\hat {p}}\,{\hat {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}\,{\hat {p}}-{\hat {p}}\,{\hat {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02c9c316365e39e1b510b18a48fa0949d3500fec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.993ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}\,{\hat {p}}-{\hat {p}}\,{\hat {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> aber den Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \hbar .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \hbar .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36994496bf0d00d84458abc458597f28c5a7ad5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.6ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \hbar .}" loading="lazy"></span> Zudem ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\,p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>p</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\,p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36b6dcaa7c3866bb0f30074719926260959bb1f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.886ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\,p}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Reell" class="mw-redirect" title="Reell">reell</a>, aber <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}\,{\hat {p}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}\,{\hat {p}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bffad24eadcf8e9c998ed4cd994ba23e1da69d1f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.076ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}\,{\hat {p}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <a href="Hermitescher_Operator" title="Hermitescher Operator">hermitesch</a>. Außerdem gibt es quantenmechanische Größen wie den <a href="Spin" title="Spin">Spin</a>, die in der <a href="Klassische_Physik" title="Klassische Physik">klassischen Physik</a> nicht auftreten. Wie sie sich auf die Zeitentwicklung auswirken, folgt nicht aus Analogien mit der klassischen Physik, sondern muss aus den physikalischen Befunden erschlossen werden.
</p><p>Die <a href="Eigenwertgleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwertgleichung">Eigenwertgleichung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}\,\varphi _{E}=E\,\varphi _{E}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}\,\varphi _{E}=E\,\varphi _{E}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b86f8992932b91263a27d138b540e9c97be6729e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.728ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}\,\varphi _{E}=E\,\varphi _{E}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bestimmt die <a href="Eigenvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenvektor">Eigenvektoren</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{E}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{E}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a86a07f569a4e030e7ac8818091f92a7b7ddfbe1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.008ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{E}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Hamiltonoperators; sie sind bei zeitunabhängigem Hamiltonoperator <a href="Station%C3%A4rer_Zustand_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Stationärer Zustand (Quantenmechanik)">stationär</a>, d.&nbsp;h. in jeder beobachtbaren Eigenschaft zeitunabhängig. Die Eigenwerte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> sind die zugehörigen Energien.
</p><p>Da der Hamiltonoperator hermitesch (genauer <a href="Wesentlich_selbstadjungierter_Operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesentlich selbstadjungierter Operator">wesentlich selbstadjungiert</a>) ist, besagt der <a href="Spektralsatz" title="Spektralsatz">Spektralsatz</a>, dass die Energien reell sind und dass die Eigenvektoren eine <a href="Orthonormalbasis" title="Orthonormalbasis">Orthonormalbasis</a> des Hilbertraums bilden. Je nach System kann das Energiespektrum <a href="Diskret" title="Diskret">diskret</a> oder kontinuierlich sein. Manche Systeme, z.&nbsp;B. das Wasserstoffatom oder ein <a href="Teilchen" title="Teilchen">Teilchen</a> im <a href="Potentialtopf" title="Potentialtopf">Potentialtopf</a>, haben ein nach unten <a href="Beschr%C3%A4nkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Beschränkt">beschränktes</a>, diskretes Spektrum und darüber ein <a href="Kontinuum_(Physik)" title="Kontinuum (Physik)">Kontinuum</a> möglicher Energien.
</p><p>Der Hamiltonoperator erzeugt die unitäre <a href="Zeitentwicklungsoperator" title="Zeitentwicklungsoperator">Zeitentwicklung</a>. Falls für alle Zeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau '}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau '}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a4b3850eb4dcb49e6a65f6d76e434f4471f4087.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.943ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau '}" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02d3006c4190b1939b04d9b9bb21006fb4e6fa4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> der Hamiltonoperator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(\tau )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(\tau )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/498c9db5100149f983f0e201a9002f6f906d2d76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.075ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(\tau )}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(\tau ')}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(\tau ')}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4177951f7efc01f892201cfff4d39e0462fcfbbe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.815ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(\tau ')}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Kommutativgesetz" title="Kommutativgesetz">kommutiert</a>, so bewirkt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t,t_{0})=\exp \left(-{\frac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}\int _{t_{0}}^{t}{\hat {H}}(\tau )\,\mathrm {d} \tau \right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t,t_{0})=\exp \left(-{\frac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}\int _{t_{0}}^{t}{\hat {H}}(\tau )\,\mathrm {d} \tau \right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c92288c545c9f685c9955bbb1a5b2bea61f7af6c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:33.403ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t,t_{0})=\exp \left(-{\frac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}\int _{t_{0}}^{t}{\hat {H}}(\tau )\,\mathrm {d} \tau \right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die <a href="Unit%C3%A4rer_Operator" title="Unitärer Operator">unitäre Abbildung</a> jedes anfänglichen Zustandes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (t_{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (t_{0})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28d2d53f9ee4a0557d42400e7db6be36138c9094.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.216ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (t_{0})}" loading="lazy"></span> auf den zugehörigen Zustand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (t)=U(t,t_{0})\,\psi (t_{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (t)=U(t,t_{0})\,\psi (t_{0})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0287cf9486bb964aeacefabe649d31b19091a305.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.223ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (t)=U(t,t_{0})\,\psi (t_{0})}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3e6cc375ac6123d2342be53eba87b92fbbacf07.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.486ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Falls der Hamiltonoperator nicht von der Zeit abhängt (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}\neq f(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}\neq f(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05dbcfe71f08f25aa7ffa96df4878a63d209129a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.09ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}\neq f(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>), vereinfacht sich dies zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t,t_{0})=\exp \left(-{\frac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}{\hat {H}}(t-t_{0})\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t,t_{0})=\exp \left(-{\frac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}{\hat {H}}(t-t_{0})\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d66de39adca84d8a1777bd7f3e0b2a5c833a3e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:31.476ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t,t_{0})=\exp \left(-{\frac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}{\hat {H}}(t-t_{0})\right).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Operatoren, die mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6bb06de5217295d7fbdbf68fb9c5309a513fc99e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Vertauschungsoperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertauschungsoperator">vertauschen</a>, sind bei zeitunabhängigem Hamiltonoperator <a href="Erhaltungsgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Erhaltungsgröße">Erhaltungsgrößen</a> des Systems, insbesondere die Energie.
</p><p>Für die Energie gilt auch eine <a href="Energie-Zeit-Unsch%C3%A4rferelation" title="Energie-Zeit-Unschärferelation">Energie-Zeit-Unschärferelation</a>, nur muss man in der Quantenmechanik bei deren Ableitung anders vorgehen als zum Beispiel bei der Ort-Impuls-<a href="Unsch%C3%A4rferelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unschärferelation">Unschärferelation</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantenmechanisches_Teilchen_im_Potential">Quantenmechanisches Teilchen im Potential</h3></div>
<p>Aus der Hamiltonfunktion
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}\left({\mathbf {x} },{\mathbf {p} }\right)={\frac {{\mathbf {p} }^{2}}{2\,m}}+V({\mathbf {x} })}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mfrac>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mi>m</mi>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}\left({\mathbf {x} },{\mathbf {p} }\right)={\frac {{\mathbf {p} }^{2}}{2\,m}}+V({\mathbf {x} })}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7951f17ef0ed77e1ee6b2812f57de7fd961d6073.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:23.463ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}\left({\mathbf {x} },{\mathbf {p} }\right)={\frac {{\mathbf {p} }^{2}}{2\,m}}+V({\mathbf {x} })}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für ein nicht<a href="Relativistisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativistisch">relativistisches</a>, klassisches Teilchen der Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span>, das sich im <a href="Potential_(Physik)" title="Potential (Physik)">Potential</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8ad8be737f82a8df54b44c843b8f02055143976.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.008ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} )}" loading="lazy"></span> bewegt, kann ein Hamiltonoperator abgelesen werden. Dazu werden die Ausdrücke für den Impuls und das Potential durch die entsprechenden Operatoren ersetzt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}({\hat {\mathbf {x} }},{\hat {\mathbf {p} }})={\frac {{\hat {\mathbf {p} }}^{2}}{2\,m}}+V({\hat {\mathbf {x} }}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>m</mi>
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</mfrac>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}({\hat {\mathbf {x} }},{\hat {\mathbf {p} }})={\frac {{\hat {\mathbf {p} }}^{2}}{2\,m}}+V({\hat {\mathbf {x} }}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01a1cf3b19026404a31960d65e8bde0aa87728fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:23.822ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}({\hat {\mathbf {x} }},{\hat {\mathbf {p} }})={\frac {{\hat {\mathbf {p} }}^{2}}{2\,m}}+V({\hat {\mathbf {x} }}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In der <a href="Ortsdarstellung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortsdarstellung">Ortsdarstellung</a> wirkt der Impulsoperator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {p} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {p} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8bda303998274a5d448b3493c8a62b31d7ff7143.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.485ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {p} }}}" loading="lazy"></span> als Ableitung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\mathrm {i} \hbar {\tfrac {\partial }{\partial \mathbf {x} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\mathrm {i} \hbar {\tfrac {\partial }{\partial \mathbf {x} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e10020f0b1f7bf4d388f0c867d1fbea2d281d920.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:6.527ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\mathrm {i} \hbar {\tfrac {\partial }{\partial \mathbf {x} }}}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V({\hat {\mathbf {x} }})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V({\hat {\mathbf {x} }})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffb5fad9360f6c49c5ab44e44865ed80b1ca981d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.008ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V({\hat {\mathbf {x} }})}" loading="lazy"></span> als Multiplikation mit der Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} ).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} ).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66e9e9b4bc94ffcc2c81e0601600080642d8c888.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.654ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} ).}" loading="lazy"></span> Die Anwendung dieses Hamiltonoperators eines Punktteilchens der Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> im Potential <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8ad8be737f82a8df54b44c843b8f02055143976.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.008ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} )}" loading="lazy"></span> auf die Orts<a href="Wellenfunktion" title="Wellenfunktion">wellenfunktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5471531a3fe80741a839bc98d49fae862a6439a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi }" loading="lazy"></span> des Teilchens wirkt sich demnach aus durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow {\hat {H}}\Psi (\mathbf {x} )={\Bigl (}-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\,m}}\Delta +V(\mathbf {x} ){\Bigr )}\Psi (\mathbf {x} ).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
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<mi>m</mi>
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</mfrac>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
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</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow {\hat {H}}\Psi (\mathbf {x} )={\Bigl (}-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\,m}}\Delta +V(\mathbf {x} ){\Bigr )}\Psi (\mathbf {x} ).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/126431fe4272f936265d8af1871f110cc4ab1fbb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:38.66ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow {\hat {H}}\Psi (\mathbf {x} )={\Bigl (}-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\,m}}\Delta +V(\mathbf {x} ){\Bigr )}\Psi (\mathbf {x} ).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hierbei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta ={\tfrac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\tfrac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}}+{\tfrac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial z^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mi>y</mi>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
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<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta ={\tfrac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\tfrac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}}+{\tfrac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial z^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ccd08e9a42dd54511769819edeb75cd264c6e47.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.046ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta ={\tfrac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\tfrac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}}+{\tfrac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial z^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Laplace-Operator" title="Laplace-Operator">Laplace-Operator</a>.
</p><p>Die Schrödingergleichung lautet somit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \,\hbar \,{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\Psi (t,\mathbf {x} )=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\,m}}\Delta \Psi (t,\mathbf {x} )+V(\mathbf {x} )\cdot \Psi (t,\mathbf {x} ).}">
<semantics>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>m</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \,\hbar \,{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\Psi (t,\mathbf {x} )=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\,m}}\Delta \Psi (t,\mathbf {x} )+V(\mathbf {x} )\cdot \Psi (t,\mathbf {x} ).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f2eae0b8bea6499c06a4403e1cc44a647af3f81.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:47.87ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \,\hbar \,{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\Psi (t,\mathbf {x} )=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\,m}}\Delta \Psi (t,\mathbf {x} )+V(\mathbf {x} )\cdot \Psi (t,\mathbf {x} ).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Diese Schrödingergleichung einer Punktmasse im Potential ist die Grundlage zur Erklärung des <a href="Tunneleffekt" title="Tunneleffekt">Tunneleffekts</a>. Sie liefert bei Einsetzen des <a href="Coulombpotential" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulombpotential">Coulombpotentials</a> (als Potential für die Wechselwirkung zwischen einem Elektron und einem <a href="Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a>) die <a href="Spektrallinie" title="Spektrallinie">Spektrallinien</a> des <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a>-<a href="Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a>. Durch Einsetzen entsprechender Potentiale können auch die Spektrallinien anderer leichter Atome berechnet werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eindimensionaler_harmonischer_Oszillator">Eindimensionaler harmonischer Oszillator</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Harmonischer_Oszillator_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Harmonischer Oszillator (Quantenmechanik)">Harmonischer Oszillator (Quantenmechanik)</a></i></div>
<p>Analog erhält man für den quantenmechanischen harmonischen Oszillator, der sich nur längs einer Linie bewegen kann, den Hamiltonoperator
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{2}}m\,\omega ^{2}\,x^{2}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
</mrow>
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</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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<mi>m</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{2}}m\,\omega ^{2}\,x^{2}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8490db3fe8ddb2d8ab027ac06f78b4ba345fc416.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:28.732ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{2}}m\,\omega ^{2}\,x^{2}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Energien lassen sich algebraisch bestimmen. Man erhält
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{n}=E_{0}+n\,\hbar \omega ,\quad n\in \{0,1,2,\dots \}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{n}=E_{0}+n\,\hbar \omega ,\quad n\in \{0,1,2,\dots \}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/688e604c30e6529090b3f505093d55b6c9cddd61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.052ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{n}=E_{0}+n\,\hbar \omega ,\quad n\in \{0,1,2,\dots \}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Es handelt sich dabei um dieselben Energien wie die eines <a href="Grundzustand" title="Grundzustand">Grundzustandes</a> mit Energie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/411d268de7b1cf300d7481e3fe59f3b20887e0d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-fach ein <a href="Quant" title="Quant">Quant</a> der Energie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar \,\omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar \,\omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aad5f433d0b6dee08bd62f823fd5c07b33be979.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.139ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar \,\omega }" loading="lazy"></span> hinzugefügt wurde.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spin_im_Magnetfeld">Spin im Magnetfeld</h3></div>
<p>Zum Spin <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac8a515de34f0af7d15de46f73bf674950d444a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.485ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }" loading="lazy"></span> eines Elektrons, das an ein Atom gebunden ist und sich in einem <a href="Multiplizit%C3%A4t#Mehrelektronen-Systeme" title="Multiplizität">ungepaarten</a> Zustand (allein in der <a href="Elektronenwolke" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronenwolke">Elektronenwolke</a>) im <a href="Magnetfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetfeld">Magnetfeld</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cafb0ef39b0f5ffa23c170aa7f7b4e718327c4d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.901ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }" loading="lazy"></span> befindet, gehört der Hamiltonoperator
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=-\gamma \mathbf {S} \cdot \mathbf {B} .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=-\gamma \mathbf {S} \cdot \mathbf {B} .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10601ebffa12e21b0df46935b5e3a0fabefbe3dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.945ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=-\gamma \mathbf {S} \cdot \mathbf {B} .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> das <a href="Gyromagnetisches_Verh%C3%A4ltnis" title="Gyromagnetisches Verhältnis">gyromagnetische Verhältnis</a> des Elektrons</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac8a515de34f0af7d15de46f73bf674950d444a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.485ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Spin" title="Spin">Spinoperator</a>.</li></ul>
<p>Da der Spin in Richtung des Magnetfeldes nur die Eigenwerte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar /2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar /2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74e0713309590b82aed3a8247c30cfdeae9f456b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.631ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar /2}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\hbar /2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\hbar /2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e0bc5875fe0b0a5b3cb2fd489159c2c2156bfc1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.44ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\hbar /2}" loading="lazy"></span> annehmen kann (<a href="Spinpolarisation" title="Spinpolarisation">Spinpolarisation</a>), sind die möglichen Energien <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\gamma }{2}}\,|\mathbf {B} |}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\gamma }{2}}\,|\mathbf {B} |}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8a80709f38483713df364e1aa6f0cc56019c081.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.488ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\gamma }{2}}\,|\mathbf {B} |}" loading="lazy"></span>. Im inhomogenen Magnetfeld des <a href="Stern-Gerlach-Versuch" title="Stern-Gerlach-Versuch">Stern-Gerlach-Versuchs</a> spaltet daher ein <a href="Teilchenstrahl" title="Teilchenstrahl">Teilchenstrahl</a> aus Silberatomen in zwei Teilstrahlen auf.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geladenes,_spinloses_Teilchen_im_elektromagnetischen_Feld"><span id="Geladenes.2C_spinloses_Teilchen_im_elektromagnetischen_Feld"></span>Geladenes, spinloses Teilchen im elektromagnetischen Feld</h3></div>
<p>Den Hamiltonoperator eines Teilchen mit <a href="Elektrische_Ladung" title="Elektrische Ladung">Ladung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> in einem äußeren <a href="Elektromagnetische_Wechselwirkung" title="Elektromagnetische Wechselwirkung">elektromagnetischen Feld</a> erhält man durch <a href="Minimale_Kopplung" title="Minimale Kopplung">minimale Substitution</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}={\frac {1}{2m}}{\bigl (}{\hat {\mathbf {p} }}-q\mathbf {A} (t,{\hat {\mathbf {x} }}){\bigr )}^{2}+q\,\varphi (t,{\hat {\mathbf {x} }}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}={\frac {1}{2m}}{\bigl (}{\hat {\mathbf {p} }}-q\mathbf {A} (t,{\hat {\mathbf {x} }}){\bigr )}^{2}+q\,\varphi (t,{\hat {\mathbf {x} }}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6c38a5ada34758953cfa1c55ffb6c59b51c58edd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:36.452ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}={\frac {1}{2m}}{\bigl (}{\hat {\mathbf {p} }}-q\mathbf {A} (t,{\hat {\mathbf {x} }}){\bigr )}^{2}+q\,\varphi (t,{\hat {\mathbf {x} }}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hier bezeichnet
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} (t,{\hat {\mathbf {x} }})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} (t,{\hat {\mathbf {x} }})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a60e4c1e1a33a82072a8cc4afcb3270797bfebe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.113ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} (t,{\hat {\mathbf {x} }})}" loading="lazy"></span> das <a href="Magnetisches_Vektorpotential" title="Magnetisches Vektorpotential">Vektorpotential</a></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi (t,{\hat {\mathbf {x} }})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi (t,{\hat {\mathbf {x} }})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b1e21d2bcf0f1fcceb04991dc9e9c054e642f22.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi (t,{\hat {\mathbf {x} }})}" loading="lazy"></span> das <a href="Elektrisches_Potential" title="Elektrisches Potential">Skalarpotential</a>.</li></ul>
<p>Beim Ausmultiplizieren der Klammer ist zu beachten, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\bf {p}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\bf {p}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e2bbd36f615a261d69ccb98c2eb096a26654ab7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.485ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\bf {p}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bf {A}}({\hat {\bf {x}}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bf {A}}({\hat {\bf {x}}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dde6a795a38078f64d014940bb9995a7ca221cab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.24ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bf {A}}({\hat {\bf {x}}})}" loading="lazy"></span> wegen der Ortsabhängigkeit von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bf {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bf {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d0f7b46d371ea1fd658b16a62e2b07022d9f9295.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.019ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bf {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> im Allgemeinen nicht kommutieren. Dies ist nur in der <a href="Coulomb-Eichung" title="Coulomb-Eichung">Coulomb-Eichung</a> der Fall.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Peter Rennert, Angelika Chassé und Wolfram Hergert: <i>Einführung in die Quantenphysik.</i> <i>Experimentelle und theoretische Grundlagen mit Aufgaben, Lösungen und Mathematica-Notebooks.</i> Springer Spektrum, Wiesbaden 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-00769-0.</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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